The Simple Past in German (Preterite)

First and foremost you need to understand this one vital difference between English and German when it comes to the simple past:The simple past is the most frequent tense used in both conversational and written English to describe an event that has happened in the past. On the other hand, the simple past is usually not expressed in spoken German – in fact in some southern German dialects, â€Å"das Prà ¤teritum† has been completely eradicated. The simple past in German is mostly used in written works, such as in stories:Es war einmal ein Ehepaar†¦ (There once was a married couple.)Der Junge schleichte sich langsam zur Tà ¼r hin und wartete einen Moment. Dann riss er die Tà ¼r plà ¶tztlich auf und fing an laut zu schreien... (The boy quietly crept to the door and waited for a moment. Then he suddenly flung the door open and began to scream†¦) Quick Facts About the Simple Past The simple past is used mostly in written German to describe an event or action that both started and ended in the past.The simple past in German is also identified as das Imperfekt.Special case: Modal verbs and the verbs haben (to have), sein (to be) and wissen (to know) are exceptions – they, unlike other verbs, will be used mostly in the simple past tense in spoken German.The common verb mà ¶chten (to want) has no past tense. The verb wollen is used instead:Ich mà ¶chte einen Keks (I would like a cookie.) - Ich wollte einen Keks ( I wanted a cookie.)The Formation of the Simple Past Tense in German German verbs are divided into weak and strong verbs and are conjugated into the simple past tense accordingly:Weak Verbs: As with other tenses, weak verbs follow a predictable pattern here as well.Verbstem -te Personal endingTake note: When the stem of a weak verb ends in either d or t, then –ete will be added:Ich rede zu viel (I talk too much) - Ich redete damals zu vie l. (I spoke too much then)Er arbeitet morgen. (He is working tomorrow) - Er arbeitete stà ¤ndig jeden Tag. (He worked steadily each day)To a beginner, this double te â€Å"stutter† sound may seem odd at first, but you see it so often in text that it will soon become second nature to you.lachen (to laugh) nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp sich duschen (To shower)Ich lachte nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Ich duschte michDu lachtest nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Du duschtest dichEr/Sie/ Es lachte nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Er/Sie/Es duschte sichWir lachten nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Wir duschten unsIhr lachtet nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Ihr duschtet euchSie lachten nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Sie duschten sichStrong Verbs:  As with other tenses, strong verbs do not follow a predictable pattern. Their verb stem changes. It is best to just memorize them. Sometimes the consonants change too, but thankfully not as drastically:ß-ss nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp schmeißen - schmissss-ß nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp giessen - goßd- tt nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp schneiden - schnittThe simple past tense of some common strong German verbs:fahren (to drive) nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp stehen (To stand)Ich fuhr nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Ich standDu fuhrst nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Du stand(e)stEr/Sie/ Es fuhr nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Er/Sie/Es standWir fuhren nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Wir standenIhr fuhrt nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Ihr standetSie fuhren nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Si e standenA small number of strong verbs have two simple past tense forms. Some of these are common verbs:erschrecken (to get scared/ to scare)- erschrak/ erschrecktehauen (to hit) - hieb/ haute (more common)stecken (to get stuck) – stak/ steckte (more common)Mixed Verbs: Mixed verbs are those verbs which have elements of both strong and weak verbs. In the case of the simple past that would mean that the stem vowel changes and the endings follow the pattern of weak verbs. A good example of mixed verbs is modal verbs. They are conjugated as follows:  Ã‚  Ã‚  kà ¶nnensollenwollenmà ¼ssendà ¼rfenmà ¶genIchkonntesolltewolltemusstekonntemochteDukonntestsolltestwolltestmusstestkonntestmochtestEr/Sie/EskonntesolltewolltemusstekonntemochteWirkonntensolltenwolltenmusstenkonntenmochtenIhrkonntetsolltetwolltetmusstetkonntetmochtetSiekonntensolltenwolltenmusstenkonntenmochten

Corporate Social Responsibility ( Csr ) - 2189 Words

In many cases throughout the business world we are able to observe the common belief that corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a business entity is used among CEO’s as a driving force for business operation and strategy to gain competitive advantage. It has many benefits, including cultivating the wider society through positive externalities, increasing operating efficiency and improving brand image. Yet in contrast, some individuals who belong to the academic world such as Milton Friedman and R. J. Klonoski believe corporate social responsibility to be a â€Å"cloak for actions that are justified on other grounds rather than a reason for those actions† (Friedman, 1970). Throughout this essay we shall explore the ways in which adopting a socially responsible approach to business strategy and operation can affect a businesses ability to maintain competitive advantage in a market and how the adoption of this strategy can lead to a businesses downfall or success. Corporate social responsibility is most commonly defined by the relationship between a business and its stakeholders through the adoption and consideration of ethical, social and environmental concerns. CSR makes businesses accountable for the area around them, which creates the belief that these corporations must spend a considerable amount of time and capital on improving the local labour, environment and infrastructure. Many laws and partnerships are put into place by the government in order to encourage and promoteShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility And Csr1566 Words   |  7 PagesSocial responsibility or also called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)- is the firm’s engagement (voluntarily initiated) in and its compliance (legally mandated) to environmental, social, and governance issues (The Foundation, 2014). Also, is based on stakeholder’s needs being financially sustainable, and CSR can come from both corporate or not-to-profit organizations. CS R has seven categories; Leadership, vision and values; Marketplace activities; Workforce activities; Supply chain activities;Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1167 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept which is also known as corporate citizenship, corporate conscience or in a simple way a responsible business. It is an integrated concept of self-regulatory business model for any organisation. Corporate Social Responsibility has been in practice for more than fifty years now, which has been adopted not only by domestic companies but also by transnational company with voluntary CSR initiativesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1232 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate social responsibility has become a buzzword within the industry in the last few years. Following the financial market crash investors and stakeholders began looking at corporations to act more socially responsible. 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CSR policy functions as a self-regulatoryRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesCSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility and it is a concept with many definitions and practices and also a buzzword in the media. In general, corporate social responsibility is the policies and progra ms of business corporations which tend to benefit society while improving a corporation’s public image and profitability at the same time. The meaning of it is implemented in different countries and companies differently. Warren Buffet said that it takes 20 years to build a reputation and onlyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )863 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology in the last century. The term of Corporate Social Responsibility appears more often into public’s concerned and it has become a hot issue in recent years. This essay is going to discuss and provide an overview of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by debate some key issue in this area. 1.2 What is Corporate Social Responsibility? In 1953, Bowen’s Social Responsibility of the Businessman firstly discusses the idea of corporate social responsibility. He states the relationship between societyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1314 Words   |  6 PagesSocial responsibility has become a primal interest to the humankind for the past two decades. In the earlier days, the firms and organizations concentrated only on the financial part of the business and ignored the ethical, social and moral sectors. But in the recent times, the businesses are getting a grip of the significance of the social, ecological and environmental effects on their success. This has resulted in the emerging interactions between organizations and social segments thus giving riseRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1173 Words   |  5 Pages Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is highly important to Millennials. If a company is lacking a CSR plan, now it a good time to start one. Millennials are looking for ways in making a positive impact on the world and are expecting the same from companies. They are looking for companies that contribute to the betterment of communities and the environment. Millennials put great value in supporting such brands, companies and organizations that share these values. Companies without a CSR in placeRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr979 Words   |  4 PagesThe notion of Corporate Social Responsibility is a phenomenon globally known for many years. In spite of the fact that CSR has been neglected for quite a long time, nowadays several authors deal with this issue, as revealed by the development of theories in recent years concerning the topic. In spite of the fact that there has been a huge growth of literature it is still impossible to simply define CSR. Many definitions trying to capture the concept of CSR exist, but their content varies (MattenRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1370 Words   |  6 Pagesmore attention on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The core issue is the appropriate responsibility of business. In as much as firms ought to obey the law, but beyond complete compliance with environmental laws, the question is whether firms have extra social responsibilities to commit part of their resources to environmental preservation voluntarily. This memo provides an exploratory investigation of the link between corporate social responsibility and the benefits accruing to a

Nursings Social Policy Statement

Question: Discuss about the Report on Nursings Social Policy Statement in Johns Hopkins Hospital ? Answer: Johns Hopkins Hospital Johns Hopkins Hospital provides biomedical research facilities and teaching facilities too. The main aims and objectives of this hospital are to improve the health of the community and the world. Importantly it aims: To operate the Patient interdependently and cooperatively with the doctors and nurses to develop support in the research and health profession into the treatment and causes of the illness of the human (Smith, 2012) To improve the health care facilities in the hospital, it includes many sections in it. One of the services is of family nurse practitioner service, is a nurse who deliver continuous health care for a person in a family or a family of all ages, genders, and body system( KLEIN MCCARTHY,2011).. The family nurse practitioner of this Johns Hopkins Hospital take primary care of the health based on the patient knowledge context of the community and the family, emphasizing the prevention of the disease and the promotion of the health. Family nurse practitioners of John Hopkins Hospital play a great role towards the health care of the patients and fulfil all the responsibilities. They specialize in the diagnoses and the treatment of the patient from child to elderly. The facilities provided and the environment in this hospital to work as a family nurse is highly sophisticated and developed. They are equipped to work in the private practice, government organization, hospitals, and health care systems and some community health organizations (Alligood, 2013).. To improve the health care system John Hopkins hospital works or research on various topics. Pioneering and innovative investigations in clinical and translation studies are going on. Clinical researchs such as testing a medicine of hypertension in mice (genetically engineered) to get Marfan syndrome so that it can be applied directly to improve the condition of the human. There is much general research also which are been done in this hospital that includes,research in Alzheimer, memory and Parkinsons research, biomechanics, asthma, and allergy as well as in cancer. Some other advancement researches are going on in this hospital, which include the stress, which increase the childrens susceptibility to anorexia during pregnancy. Many activities and programs performed by this hospital (American Nurses Association, 2010).. Here the registered nurses are involved in various programs and teach the individuals having the disease like cardiovascular and diabetes, who otherwise might go unt reated to manage their disease and symptoms. They also provide a good care at home to keep the seniors healthy at their homes. References: American Nurses Association. (2010).Nursing's Social Policy Statement: The essence of the profession. Nursesbooks. org. Alligood, M. R. (2013).Nursing theorists and their work. Elsevier Health Sciences. KLEIN, S., MCCARTHY, D. (2011). Johns Hopkins Medicine: Embedding Patient Safety in a University-Affiliated Integrated Health Care Delivery System. Smith, J. (2012). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (7th ed.) by M. R. Alligood and A. M. Tomey (Eds.) (Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby Elsevier, 2010). Nursing Science Quarterly, 25(2), 201-202. doi:10.1177/0894318412437964

The Climate Change and the Asset

The Way the People See It: The Main Problems and the Things to Tackle Since the environmental problem is the most topical on the agenda of a range of countries in the modern society, the growing popularity of tourism cannot but concern the modern research teams (Scott 2003), institutes and individual researchers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Climate Change and the Asset-Based Community Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In spite of the fact that the tourism seems to have a most harmful effect on the environment and the wildlife of the planet, it does not end, but, on the contrary, takes its effect to ever greater scale. Because of the factors of humans’ lives and the effect which they have on the nature, the climate change which is happening at the moment has a harmful effect on the wildlife and on the mankind. In spite of the fact tat the situation seems impossible to tackle, the scientis ts have already suggested a range of decisions which will help to reduce the harmful effect of human’s activity in general and tourism in particular. One of those methods, called the asset-based community development, or ABCD, is one of the most perspective ways to solve the brewing problem which might result in serious changes in the wildlife and in people’s existence. Moreover, taking into the consideration that the climate change can drive to different species of plants and animals vanishing from the face of the Earth, it becomes clear that the suggestion given by the ABCD needs immediate consideration. Explaining the issue of the ABCD concern, Wisansing notes that it must take active part in the tourism industry. Emphasizing the importance of people being involved into the issues of the environmental protection and economics, he claims that together, the community can manage the industry no worse than the corresponding authorities: What characterizes first and fore most this approach is a quest for community inputs through their active participation in the tourism development process. (49)Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First of all, it is necessary to take account of the dangers which the climate change poses to the society and to the wildlife. It is quite understood that in the process of technological and industrial development, people did not pay the necessary attention to the wildlife and everything that concerned it, or touched upon it. Thus, the harmful influence of the mankind has taken its toll on the state of the modern environment. It is absolutely clear that only a man and no one else is to blame for all global changes which the Earth is undergoing at the moment, as well as the disasters which have occurred during the process of technological development. Indeed, the impact of the power plants and factories built close t o the wildlife and the natural resources has resulted in rare species vanishing, and the resources being completely exhausted. Without contributing a tiniest amount of something useful to the wildlife and the nature, a man only takes the necessary resources out of it, which cannot help leading to another biological cataclysm. Indeed, the ways of people’s treating the nature and its reserves needs changing badly, otherwise there will be nothing to care about soon. As it has been noticed by Koenig, the tourism industry is the branch which adds to a sufficient extent to the incomes of the Swiss. If the industry is abandoned, it will result in decrease of the country income and thus will have a negative influence on the people’s financial state, not to mention the numerous state enterprises which depend heavily on this very branch of industry. Entertaining as it is, it still makes a great part of the total Swiss income, and leaving it to rot for the sake of the wildlife sa fety is no way out, for it will cause a lot of people to be unemployed and without any means to live. However, Koenig also emphasizes that the entertainment industry and the environment are so closely interconnected with each other that, once the environment shows some anomalies, the industry will be posed to a serious danger. The impacts of the three snow-deficient winters on ski resorts and on the entire tourism industry differed greatly among regions. The losses for the entire tourism industry — especially in the accommodation sector — were smaller than those of the transport companies (cable-cars, T-bars, chair-lifts).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Climate Change and the Asset-Based Community Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, in the Canton of Grisons, the decreases in the number of overnight stays were nowhere as serious as the drops the transport sector had to cop e with. (Koenig 1997, 47). With regard to the above-mentioned situation, it is necessary to point out that the interdependence of the industry, the country income and the environmental issues might result in a quick and effective solution found by the scientists. It is clear now that the Swiss depend heavily on the state of their nature, and unless the changes occur, their well-being is greatly endangered. Another example of the economical problems triggered by the changes in the climate of countries can be illustrated with the example of the Alps and the losses which the German tourism industry has suffered due to the fact that the winter has not been snowy enough and skiing was not possible under these circumstances: The tourism representatives all agree that winter sports can only survive in the Alps if snow-reliability is guaranteed. Precisely, the smaller ski fields at lower altitudes either have their hands bound or can scarcely finance the necessary investments (e.g. snow can nons, levelling out ski slopes, opening higher-altitude chambers in skiing areas). (Elsasser 2002, 255) With the factors not allowing the tourism industries to develop in the proper way, the well-being of the countries is being threatened. Since tourism is one of the main branches of industry in some countries, the results of the climate change can drag the consequences undesirable for both the country and its citizens. As it has been registered by Climate Chang and Tourism (2003), By far the lion’s share of tourism activity takes place in Europe. This consists predominantly of tourist flows between the sub-regions of northern Europe (i.e. Northern Europe, Western Europe and Central and Eastern Europe2), plus flows within those sub-regions. Together these accounted for 162 million arrivals in 2000. (23) In addition, it is necessary to day that not only the countries where the entertainment industry depends on the nature and the environment might suffer as the aftereffects of the climate change come into power, but also the countries which are not quite rich in the natural resources and where any negative factor can result in the economic collapse.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although Hamilton claims that â€Å"the impact of climate change should be seen in its context† (Hamilton 2005, 13), its influence on various industries in the countries all over the world is more than significant. It indicates that the nature has suffered crucial changes and that it needs certain help, which people can provide only in case they devote their actions to the environmental problems fully. The Possible Solutions and Suggestions Since the problems described above need the urgent solution, the methods which the scientists have suggested need serious consideration. In the light of what is happening in the wildlife at present, it is understood that people need to reconsider their attitude towards the wild nature, as well as their own ideas about managing the environment and planning their tourism. One of the most modern solutions which have the potential to become the guidelines for the researchers to restore the wildlife is the above-mentioned ABCD. Since it suggest s the way to save the wildlife, quite different to what has been considered so far, the project has all grounds to become the main guideline for the people to start renovating the wildlife and making the nature rich and flourishing again. As the enthusiasts of the ABCD explain their point themselves, Too often when approaching community improvement, people focus on what is wrong and requires fixing. Now there is a better way. Instead of occupying themselves with a community’s deficits, forward0thinking organizations are identifying and building on local assets. After all, even the most troubled community has strengths. Once people’s eyes are open to community assets, a positive energy for change takes over. (Walker 25) It is necessary to bear in mind that these are the people and their problems that need to be considered first and only then one should pass to looking for the improvements on the rest of the issues. Solving the problems which have been accumulated within the structure of the society is of greater importance than even the issues of global warming and the ozone holes. As soon as people come to terms with each other and agree upon what they think their prior goal, and what means should be used in achieving this goal, and the measures which need to be undertaken when striving for the better future and suggesting the new ways to help the nature recover from people’s intrusions. As a matter of fact, UNTWO (2009) has suggested the idea of climate responsiveness for the mankind: Given tourism’s importance in the global challenges of climate change and poverty reduction, there is a need to urgently adopt a range of policies which encourages truly sustainable tourism that reflects a â€Å"quadruple bottom line† of environmental, social, economic and climate responsiveness. (24) Thus, according to Joppe, there is a way to make the tourism sustainable without exhausting the natural resources and causing the nature to be to ssed out of its balance. It is highly recommendable that the natural sources should be taken a better care of, while people can search for a compromise which will help both to sustain the industry and to recover the natural resources. Only recently are economic development officers becoming interested in developing tourism within the community; previously, it was seen as a responsibility of the Chamber of Commerce or whatever other organization was charged with promotion. (Joppe 476) Thus, Joppe makes it understood that the recently suggested theory might help to improve the state of the nature without harming the national industries and supporting the domestic producers. Consequently, the countries which will undertake the enterprise aimed at improving the state of the environment will greatly benefit both economically and with respect to the natural goods and resources. The latter replenished, there will be no restrictions as for the development of the national industries and thei r prosperity. Such compromises might take the counties to a further improvement of the state of the wildlife, and the rest of the countries can also follow the example of those who will have succeed in the new way of conducting the economical processes. Thus, one of the most recent case studies concerning the skiing industry has shown that a compromise is possible (Katzenberger 2006). Beg (2002) also emphasizes that the issue of sustaining tourism is more than simply being eco-friendly and not bringing harm to the existing ecological system. Another cross-cutting sustainability issue relates to maintaining eco-system â€Å"health†. Climate change may threaten eco-system health in a number of important ways, including accelerating irreversible change such as through loss of species and of habitats (e.g. coral reef systems). (131) Generally speaking, the issue of sustaining tourism has been one of the key ideas of the ABCD. Unwilling to harm the countries which literally surviv e on tourism, where the people coming to see the sights are the only source of income and the tourism industry is the only value for money, the ABCD organization takes the notion of sustainable tourism as one of the key elements to saving the environment without harming the people. To get the general picture of what the sustainable tourism is, it would be necessary to quote UNWTO, who claims that the tourists who visit the developing countries can â€Å"Help local populations develop their own social projects, or support with donations local initiatives aimed at improving living conditions† (UNWTO 7). With such humane measures undertaken, and with the tourists unwilling to harm the environment, both goals can be achieved. At this point, the issue of ecotourism emerges. Aimed at maintaining tourism industry without bringing harm to the environment, ecotourism was defined by Khanal (2007) as â€Å"travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the sp ecific objectives of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past and present) found in these areas† (2), the novelty suggests a new way of saving the wildlife. Denman (2001) suggests that the community-based ecotourism should be aimed at satisfying the needs of the tourists first, so that they could get the maximum advantage of the given kind of tourism, otherwise they will be tempted to cling to another kinds of tourism, which are less demanding in terms of caring the wildlife. The issues of people’s interest must be prior to such kind of tourism industry. â€Å"All community-based ecotourism products should offer a high quality of visitor experience and be subject to a rigorous business plan.† (Denman 18). He also insists that the ecotourism issue must make an efficient use of the modern market technologies in order to attract s many visitors as possible: Ecotourism pro jects must be based on an understanding of market demand and consumer expectations and how to place the product offer effectively in the market place. (Denman 16) The means to control the environment with help of the economical means also suggests that the actions undertaken by people need certain verification and that the consequences of those actions must be calculated to every possible detail. Each and every nicety ahs to be taken into account, otherwise there will be no possible improvement. Among the suggested models of saving the environment and leaving the enterprises untouched is the Hamburg Tourism model suggested by Hamilton (2007). He emphasizes that this study, aimed at close investigation of the environmental problems caused by the unceasing tourism has driven to some practical results, yet not quite sufficient to speak of improvement. Speaking about the importance of analyzing the economic data in correspondence with the environmental changes which have taken place, th e study still proves incomplete: There are several other shortcomings of the HTM. Its resolution is crude. It does not distinguish seasons, nor classifies tourists by age, income or trip purpose. Spatially, the model is restricted to countries. This paper only improves on the last shortcoming by downscaling to regions. (Hamilton 2007, 162) In response to the unfortunate study conducted, the scientists have suggested another way of changing the environmental situation. Described above, the idea of using the assets of the communities to fight the problems of the nature and the changes which it is temporarily undergoing, seems to suite the current needs of the economics and the environment in the very best way, allowing people both to concentrate on the needs of the nature and the replenishment of its resources, as well as on the economical issues, without devoting too much of the state income to the restoration of the resources. As a matter of fact, this is the alternative development which Pieterse (2000) was talking about. Thus, the model suggested by the ABCD is one of the most efficient as for today, and it seems that the results which it is going to bring are the most valuable fro the modern society and its needs. Conclusion With regard to everything that has been said above, it is quite obvious that the new strategy suggested by ABCD is vital and it can be applied to the existing situation so that it could be somehow improved. Although the positive effect of the above-mentioned theory has not been verified yet, the assumptions and the calculations which have been made so far allow to suggest that the model applied to the reality can have a huge positive effect on the environmental situation, also improving the tourism industry and allowing the developing countries to participate in the project, getting their own profit. In spite of the numerous buts and cons against the theory suggested by ABCD, it must be admitted that there is no alternative to the new s trategy, or, at least, no alternative the effect of which would be of the same scale. The touchstones of the suggested theory of the environment-friendly tourism is the only existing theory which can help the mankind to maintain the economical level and to rescue the natural resources that have not been wasted yet. With the new methods, there is also the hope to replenish the missing resources. Thus, it is possible to claim that the new theory has all grounds to be put into practice. When the safety of the environment depends on the mankind, it is people’s duty to do everything possible to slow down the climate change and minimize its negative effect. With such an approach, there is a possibility to live on a flourishing planet. Reference List Beg, N. et al. (2002). Linkages Between Climate Change and Sustainable Development. Climate Policy, 2, 129-144. Denman, R. (2001). Guidelines for Community-Based Ecotourism Development. WWF International, Gland: WWF International,1-26. Elsasser. H. Burki, R. (2002). Climate Change as a Threat to Tourism in the Alps, Climate Research, 20. 253-255. Hamilton, J. M. Tol, R. S. J. (2005). The Impact of the Climate Change on  Tourism and Recreation. Hamburg: University of Hamburg, 1-27. Hamilton, J. M., Tol, R. S. J. (2007). The Impact of Climate Change on Tourism in Germany, the UK and Ireland: a Simulation Study. Reg  Environ Change, 7, 161-167 Joppe, M. Sustainable Community Tourism Development Revisited. Tourism  Management. 17 (7), 475-479. Katzenberger, J. et al. (2006) Climate Change and Aspen: an Assessment of  Impacts and Potential Responses. Aspen, CO: Aspen Global Change Institute. Khanal, B. R. Babar, J. T. (2007). Community Based Ecotourism for Sustainable Tourism Development in the Mekong Region. Cuts  International. 1, 1-8. Koenig, U. Abegg, B. (1997). Impacts of Climate Change on Winter Tourism in the Swiss Alps. U. Koenig B. Abegg. 5 (1), 46-58 Pieterse, J. N. (2000). My Paradigm or Your s? Alternative Development, Post  Development, Reflexive Development. Netherlands: Institute of Social Studies, 343-373. Scott, D. (2003) Climate Change and Tourism. Proceedings of the 1st  International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism. Djerba, Tunisia, 1-55. UNWTO. (2006) Tourism Can Help In Poverty Alleviation. What Can You Do?  Geneva: World Tourism Organization. 1-8 UNTWO. (2009). From Davos to Copenhagen and Beyond: Advancing  Tourism’s Response to Climate Change. Geneva: World Tourism Organization, 1-27. Walker, J. E. (2006). Building from Strength. Asset-Based Community Development. Communities Banking. Boston, MA: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 25-27 Wisansing, J. (2005). Towards Community Driven Tourism Planning: a Critical  Relief of Theoretical Demands and Practical Issues. Alberta: Venture Publishing, 47-59. This essay on The Climate Change and the Asset-Based Community Development was written and submitted by user Jerome Gamble to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Theology And The Clash Of Civilizations

THEOLOGY AND THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS Peace will come not when any one terrorist and his network of secret agents have been "surgically" excised but when an authentic alternative vision has emerged within the House of Islam. JACK MILES, Senior Advisor to the President at the J. Paul Getty Trust and a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, is the author of Christ: A Crisis in the Life of God (Alfred A. Knopf). In the 1940s, the most important foreign policy intellectual in the United States was George F. Kennan. Kennan, who served briefly in the Truman Administration, was among the first to recognize that the United States could not defeat communism outright but could contain it and the nations infected by it, beginning with the Soviet Union. What came to be called the Cold War seems in retrospect to have been inevitable, but it was not inevitable at all. Instead of the Cold War, the world could all too easily have fought World War III. Containment was the bold and politically creative alternative to that war. The 1947 article in Foreign Affairs in which Kennan, writing as "X," first laid out containment as a strategy remains, unsurprisingly, the most popular article ever published in that periodical. In the 1990s, the most important foreign policy intellectual in the United States may yet prove to have been Samuel P. Huntington. The second-most-popular article in the history of Foreign Affairs has been his controversial 1993 "The Clash of Civilizations," an attempt to see what lay beyond the end of Kennan's Cold War. What Huntington saw was, on the one hand, economic and cultural globalization and, on the other, resistance to it by those who saw it as merely the latest form of Western, historically Christian, and at this late date specifically American imperialism. Though Huntington noted that many non-Western powers had cast their lot with the emerging global order, it seemed equally clear to him that China and ... Free Essays on Theology And The Clash Of Civilizations Free Essays on Theology And The Clash Of Civilizations THEOLOGY AND THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS Peace will come not when any one terrorist and his network of secret agents have been "surgically" excised but when an authentic alternative vision has emerged within the House of Islam. JACK MILES, Senior Advisor to the President at the J. Paul Getty Trust and a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, is the author of Christ: A Crisis in the Life of God (Alfred A. Knopf). In the 1940s, the most important foreign policy intellectual in the United States was George F. Kennan. Kennan, who served briefly in the Truman Administration, was among the first to recognize that the United States could not defeat communism outright but could contain it and the nations infected by it, beginning with the Soviet Union. What came to be called the Cold War seems in retrospect to have been inevitable, but it was not inevitable at all. Instead of the Cold War, the world could all too easily have fought World War III. Containment was the bold and politically creative alternative to that war. The 1947 article in Foreign Affairs in which Kennan, writing as "X," first laid out containment as a strategy remains, unsurprisingly, the most popular article ever published in that periodical. In the 1990s, the most important foreign policy intellectual in the United States may yet prove to have been Samuel P. Huntington. The second-most-popular article in the history of Foreign Affairs has been his controversial 1993 "The Clash of Civilizations," an attempt to see what lay beyond the end of Kennan's Cold War. What Huntington saw was, on the one hand, economic and cultural globalization and, on the other, resistance to it by those who saw it as merely the latest form of Western, historically Christian, and at this late date specifically American imperialism. Though Huntington noted that many non-Western powers had cast their lot with the emerging global order, it seemed equally clear to him that China and ...

Biography of Toussaint Louverture, Haitian Rebel Leader

Biography of Toussaint Louverture, Haitian Rebel Leader Franà §ois-Dominique Toussaint Louverture (May 20, 1743–April 7, 1803) led the only victorious  slave revolt in modern history, resulting in Haitis independence in 1804. Toussaint emancipated the slaves and negotiated for Haiti, then called Saint-Domingue, to be governed briefly by black former slaves as a French protectorate. Institutional racism, political corruption, poverty, and natural disasters have left Haiti in crisis for many of the succeeding years, but Toussaint remains a hero to Haitians and others throughout the African diaspora. Fast Facts: Franà §ois-Dominique Toussaint Louverture Known For: Led a successful slave rebellion in HaitiAlso Known As: Franà §ois-Dominique Toussaint, Toussaint LOuverture,  Toussaint Brà ©da, Napolà ©on Noir, Black SpartacusBorn: May 20, 1743 on the Breda plantation near Cap-Franà §ais, Saint-Domingue (now Haiti)Father: Hippolyte, or Gaou GuinouDied: April 7, 1803 at Fort-de-Joux, FranceSpouse: Suzanne Simone BaptisteChildren: Isaac, Saint-Jean, multiple illegitimate childrenNotable Quote: We are free today because we are the stronger; we will be slaves again when the government becomes the stronger. Early Years Little is known about Franà §ois-Dominique Toussaint  Louverture before his role in the Haitian Revolution.  According to Philippe Girards Toussaint Louverture:  A Revolutionary Life, his  family came from the  Allada kingdom of West Africa. His father Hippolyte, or Gaou Guinou, was an aristocrat, but around  1740, the  Dahomey Empire, another West African  kingdom in what is now Benin,  captured his family and sold them as slaves. Hippolyte was sold  for 300 pounds of cowrie shells. His family now  owned by European colonists in the New World, Toussaint was born on May 20, 1743, on the Breda plantation near Cap-Franà §ais, Saint-Domingue (now Haiti), a French territory. Toussaints gifts with horses and mules impressed his overseer,  Bayon de Libertat, and he was trained in veterinary medicine, soon becoming the plantation’s chief steward. Toussaint was fortunate to be owned by somewhat enlightened masters who allowed him to learn reading and writing. He read the classics and political philosophers and became devoted to Catholicism. Toussaint was freed in 1776 when he was around 33 but continued to work for his former owner. The next year he married Suzanne Simone Baptiste, who was born in Agen, France. She is believed to have been his godfathers daughter but may have been his cousin. They had two sons, Issac and Saint-Jean, and each had children from other relationships. Contradictory Personal Traits Biographers describe Toussaint as full of contradictions. He ultimately led a slave insurrection but didnt take part in smaller revolts in Haiti prior to the revolution. He was a Freemason who  practiced Catholicism devoutly but also secretly engaged in voodoo. His Catholicism might have factored into his decision  not to participate in voodoo-inspired insurrections in Haiti before the revolution. After Toussaint was granted freedom, he owned slaves himself. Some historians have criticized him for this, but he may have owned slaves to free his family members from bondage. As the New Republic explains, freeing slaves required money, and money required slaves. Touissant remained a victim of the same exploitative system hed joined to free his family. But as he returned to the  Brà ©da plantation, abolitionists began gaining ground, convincing King Louis the XVI to give slaves the right to appeal if their overlords subjected them to brutality. Before the Revolution Before the slaves rose in revolt, Haiti was one of the most profitable slave colonies in the world. About 500,000 slaves worked on its sugar and coffee plantations, which produced a significant percentage of the worlds crops. The colonists had a reputation for being cruel and engaging in  debauchery.  The planter Jean-Baptiste de Caradeux, for example, is said to have  entertained guests by letting them shoot oranges off the tops of slaves heads. Prostitution was reportedly rampant on the island. Rebellion After widespread discontent, slaves mobilized for liberty in November  1791, seeing an opportunity to rebel against colonial rule during the throes of the French Revolution. Toussaint at first was uncommitted to the uprising, but, after hesitating a few weeks, he helped his former master escape and then joined the black forces fighting the Europeans. Toussaints comrade  Georges Biassou, who was leading the rebels, became the self-appointed viceroy and named Toussaint general of the royal army-in-exile.  Toussaint taught himself military strategies and organized the Haitians into troops. He also enlisted deserters from the French military  to help train his men. His army included radical whites and mixed-race Haitians as well as blacks, whom he trained in guerrilla warfare. As  Adam Hochschild described in The New York Times, Toussaint used his legendary horsemanship to rush from one corner of the colony to another, cajoling, threatening, making and breaking alliances with a bewildering array of factions and warlords, and commanding his troops in one brilliant assault, feint or ambush after another.  During the uprising he took on the name Louverture, which means the opening, to emphasize his role. The slaves  fought  the British, who wanted control over the crop-rich colony, and French colonizers whod subjected them to bondage. French and British soldiers left journals expressing their surprise that the rebel slaves were so skilled. The rebels also had dealings with agents of the Spanish Empire. Haitians had to confront internal conflicts that sprang from mixed-race islanders, who were known as  gens de couleur, and black insurgents. Victory By 1795 Toussaint was widely renowned, loved by blacks and appreciated by most Europeans and mulattoes because of his efforts to restore the economy. He allowed many planters to return and used military  discipline  to force former slaves to work, a system that was virtually the same as the slavery he had criticized but ensured that the nation had sufficient crops to exchange for military supplies. Historians say he maintained his abolitionist principles while doing what was necessary to keep Haiti secure, intending to free the laborers and let them profit from Haitis achievements. By 1796 Toussaint was the leading political and military figure in the colonies, having made peace with the Europeans. He turned his attention to putting down a domestic rebellion and then set to work bringing the entire island of Hispaniola under his control. He wrote a constitution that gave him the power to be a lifelong leader, much like the European monarchs he despised, and to choose his successor. Death Frances Napoleon objected to Toussaints expansion of his control and sent troops to oppose him. In 1802,  Toussaint was lured into peace talks with one of Napoleon’s generals, resulting in his capture and removal from Haiti to France. His immediate family members, including his wife, were captured as well. Abroad,  Toussaint was isolated and starved in a fortress in the Jura mountains, where he died on April 7, 1803, at Fort-de-Joux, France. His wife lived until 1816. Legacy Despite his capture and death, Toussaints biographers describe him as far savvier than either  Napoleon, who ignored his attempts at diplomacy,  or Thomas  Jefferson, a slave owner who sought to see Toussaint fail by alienating him economically.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If I were white I would receive only praise,† Toussaint said of how hed been slighted in world politics, â€Å"But I actually deserve even more as a black man.†Ã‚   After his death, Haitian revolutionaries, including Toussaints lieutenant Jean-Jacques Dessalines, continued to fight for independence. They finally won freedom in January 1804, two years after Toussaints death, when Haiti became a sovereign nation. The revolution Toussaint led is said to have been an inspiration to abolitionists such as John Brown, who attempted a violent overthrow of the American system of slavery, and to many Africans who fought for independence for their countries in the mid-20th century. Sources Berman, Paul. â€Å"A Biography Reveals Surprising Sides to Haitis Slave Liberator.†Ã‚  The New York Times.Hochschild, Adam. The Black Napoleon. The New York Times.Harris, Malcolm. Giving Toussaint Louverture the Great Man Treatment. The New Republic.Toussaint LOuverture  Biography. Biography.com.Toussaint Louverture: Haitian Leader. Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Hydrostatic Pressure Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hydrostatic Pressure - Lab Report Example A fluid in this condition is known as a hydrostatic fluid (Myers, 2006). So our Hydrostatic pressure lab was to determine the hydrostatic pressure of water on a flat surface, adding weight and then filling the tank with water to the point where the apparatus was in equilibrium in order to calculate the force on the flat surface using the given equations. The Fluid Mechanics laboratory provides a â€Å"hands on† environment that is crucial for developing students understanding of theoretical concepts (Damodara Reddy, 2012). Fluid mechanics laboratory is where fluids and their flows are studied and observed such as â€Å"Pressure variations of compressible fluids when they are allowed to flow through convergent divergent nozzles, calibration of pressure gauges and theoretical demonstration of different laws of fluid mechanics and others† (Desmukh, 2009). The objective of this experiment was to â€Å"calculate the hydrostatic force a fluid exerts on a submerged plane surface† and then liken the experimental hydrostatic force to the theoretical hydrostatic force. Furthermore, we will calculate the center of pressure for a plane surface partially submerged in a fluid and then for the plane surface full submerged in the fluid. Firstly, the following measurements were made; of quadrant’s end face, lever arm length and the distance between pivot and the lower edge. Now with the apparatus placed steadily on the stall, position the balance arm on the knife edge pivot and hang the weight pan from the balance arm.The apparatus was made use of adjustable feet and spirit level. Now the counterbalance was rotated until the balance is level and the counterbalance was to remain at the same position for the whole experiment.Now a mass of 50g was positioned on the weight pan and water was added until the balance arm was horizontal. The mass on the water pan and water level were measured Now we increment the

Unit 2 seminar art and Humanities Research Paper

Unit 2 seminar art and Humanities - Research Paper Example Art is the work of an artist that is based on his intentions of presenting to others certain object, opinion, view point or idea of spending life. Art does not imply similarity of work and following specific guidelines and it could vary from capturing significant to commonplace things. The purpose of art is to give some message to viewer in artist’s own way. It can be in the form of imitating real life things or creating abstract patterns (Bjone, 2007). The painting in the text looks vague and confusing with no clear cut features that could explain what is depicted in the painting. It seems to me that a barren building is being shown with an open door at the end and the impression of darkness is created which looks horrifying and mysterious. It also appears to me as the image of a mountain or a valley at night time. In other words, the work seems to be meaning different things when looked at with different perspective. However, in my opinion, it means chaos, disorder, unrest, mystery and horror. It cannot be stated as a weakness if an art looks different to different people as it depends on the perception of the viewer and approach with which he observes an artwork. Art is in fact an imitation of real life objects and it can take any form in showing its likeness to viewer (Foster,

5 Forces Model of Verizon Essay Example for Free

5 Forces Model of Verizon Essay Verizon’s wireline business, which includes the operations of the former MCI, provides telephone services, including voice, broadband data and video services, network access, nationwide long-distance and other communications products and services, and also owns and operates one of the most expansive end-to-end global Internet Protocol (IP) networks. Verizon’s domestic wireless business, operating as Verizon Wireless, provides wireless voice and data products and services across the United States using one of the most extensive and reliable wireless networks. The results of high competitive pressure could impact prices, margins, and hence, on profitability for every company in the industry. a. Sprint Nextel b. Cingular ATT wireless c. T-Mobile d. AOL e. Qwest f. RBOCs g. COMCAST 4. Bargaining Power of Suppliers – Low The term suppliers comprises all sources for inputs that are needed in order to provide goods or services. If there is a market with much choice supplier choice, bargaining power will be less. There are many network equipment suppliers, which are suffered from the down telecom market. Having mature technologies also commoditize the products. As such, the bargaining power of suppliers has been weak. 5. Bargaining Power of Customers – Low The bargaining power of customers determines how much customers can impose pressure on margins and volumes. Since most of buyers are small (residential and small business users), they do not have much buyer power. Big corporations are better positioned to negotiate for discounts but industry consolidations of SBC acquiring ATT and Verizon acquiring MCI have significantly reduced the available lternatives for these corporations and thus their negotiation power. PEST Analysis A PEST analysis is an investigation of the important factors that are changing which influence a business from the outside, these include: Political Factors †¢This includes government regulations and legal issues that define both formal and informal rules of the operation of Verizon. Economic Factors †¢This factor affects the purchasing power of consumers and the Verizon’s cost of capital. Social Factors †¢Cultural and demographics of the environment would affect the customer’s needs as well as potential market size. Technological Factors †¢This can lower barriers to entry, improve production efficiency and influence outsourcing decisions. ? PoliticalEconomicalSocialTechnology Stability of the internal/external political environmentEconomic growthPopulation growth rate Automation Trading agreementsInterest ratesAge distributionTechnology incentives employment lawsInflation rateCareer attitudesRate of technological change environmental regulationsBudget allocation Perception of technological change within the unit Trade restrictions and tariffsThe level of inflation

The Role of Art in My Life Essays -- Personal Narrative

The Role of Art in My Life The arts have influenced my life in amazing ways. Throughout my life, art has been the place I run to and my escape from the world. As I’ve grown older, art has become so much more than that. Every piece of art I create is a journey into my soul. It’s a priceless way to deal with my emotions and my struggles. I create art not only because I enjoy it and because I want to, but because I have to. Somewhere deep inside there is a driving force, urging me to put my heart down on paper. I become emotionally attached to each of my pieces because they are like dashes on the wall marking my growth. Each one is the solution to a problem I have dealt with and overcome. The summer before my senior year, I participated in Ringling School of Art and Design’s Pre Coll...

Sister Maude

Sister Maude In this essay I am going to write about called sister maude. Sister maude is about two sisters who don’t really get along very well, also this poet is ambigious becase the poem is unclear the reader does not now how the my dear died or the parents and the my shame, also this poem is written in (1830 – 1894) by christina Rossetti. The propse of the poem is to describe how jelousy sisters cuased a death of another. Christina Rossetti uses a range of techniques to show the feelings of the sisters. In Sister Maude the sister's crime becomes a matter of good and evil.Christina Rossetti uses a range of techniques such as oxymoron a qoute to prove this is â€Å"comeliest corpse† the poet has used two opposite feelings together,the letter â€Å"c† is a plosive and echoes her anger to her sister Muade, also â€Å"comeliest corspe† and suggest that even as a corpse, he is still handsome enough and worthy to embrace the queen,in the second stanza it shows the narrators passion for her dead lover. His once beautiful hair is now â€Å"clotted†, also the writer uses letters â€Å"c† to show alliterations to show to her sister, sister Maude.Another technique used by Christina Rossetti is alliteration, the poet has used alliteration such as â€Å"cold he lies, as cold as a stone with clotted curls about her face† the letter â€Å"c† is a plosive and echoes her anger, also the quote says â€Å"cold he lies as cold as stone†this is the first thing you notice that the my dear died because it say cold he lies as cold as stone, alliteration’s used in the last two lines â€Å"sister Maude oh sister Maude, bide you with death and sin† also the quote used by the poet is angry with sister Maude that is why he used repetition

God and Philosophy Essay

Many philosophers will say that God plays an important role in a person’s mental being. Others will argue that he doesn’t and that we decide by our own mentality. The three thinkers that will be discussed in this paper made a large impact in the philosophical world with their theories and reasons. Descartes, Kant, and Hume are all important players in the world of philosophy, but according to other philosophers, so is God. Rene Descartes, a noted French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, coined the Latin phrase â€Å"Cogito ergo sum† (I think, therefore I am). He â€Å"refused to accept the scholastic and Aristotelian traditions that had dominated philosophical thought throughout the medieval period† (www. iep. utm. edu). He frequently contrasted his views with those of his predecessors. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God’s act of creation. In 1641, he wrote Mediations on First Philosophy, which he employed a method called methodological skepticism; where he doubts any idea that can be doubted. God, in Descartes’ metaphysics, is the bridge from the subjective world of thought to the objective world of scientific truth. â€Å"The mind, owing its existence to God, is innately programmed with certain ideas that correspond to reality; hence the importance, in Descartes’ system, of proving the existence of God, the perfect guarantor of our ideas, so that the mediator can move from isolated flashes of cognition to systematic knowledge of the nature of reality† (Cottingham, 31). In Meditations, he mentions the idea of a benevolent God. â€Å"Because God is benevolent, he can have some faith in the account of reality his senses provide with a working mind and sensory system and does not desire to deceive him; however, this is a continuous argument, as his very notion of a benevolent God from which he developed this argument is easily subject to the same kind of doubt as his perceptions† (www. wikipedia. com†). Descartes sought to retain the belief in the existence of innate ideas together with an acceptance of the values of data and ideas derived from an experience. Next up is Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher that held that there is an objective moral law. Most philosophers view morality very differently. Some think there is an objective moral law, but that it depends on God’s will. â€Å"Others thought morality was to do with reason, but that the reasoning was all about how to promote some objective, like one’s own happiness of welfare of society† (Walker, 5). Kant rejected these ideas, because morality is depending on something outside itself- God’s will. Kant inquired whether it could be possible to ground synthetic ? a priori’ knowledge for a study of metaphysics, because most of the principles of metaphysics from Plato through Kant’s immediate predecessors made assertions about the world or about God or about the soul. Kant’s works of 1755 reveal more of his originality and his enduring themes. Universal Natural History, deriving the present state of the planets from postulated initial conditions by reiterated applications of the laws of Newtonian mechanics, manifests not only Kant’s commitment to those laws, for which he was subsequently to seek philosophical foundations, but also his commitment to thoroughly naturalistic explanations in science, in which God can be the initial source of natural laws but never intervenes within the sequence of physical causes. Kant still holds that the existence of God can be proved as a condition of the possibility of any reality. Finally, Kant further develops his argument that scientific explanation cannot allow divine intervention in the sequence of events, and that God must be seen only as the original ground of the laws of nature. The existence of God is therefore to Kant a necessary assumption for what he sees to be an objectively valid morality. Lastly, David Hume, British philosopher, is considered one of the most influential religious philosophers. Hume questioned the process of inductive thinking, which had been the hallmark of science. He criticized the standard proofs for God’s existence, traditional notions of God’s nature and divine governance, the connection between morality and religion, and the rationality of belief in miracles. He also advanced theories on the origin of popular religious beliefs, grounding such notions in human psychology rather than in rational argument or divine revelation. For Hume, all objects of human reason are divided into two kinds: Relations of Ideas and Matters of fact. All reasoning of matters of fact is founded on Cause and Effect. Cause and Effect play a big role in Hume’s philosophy. Hume wrote The Natural History of Religion in 1757. Its main theme is the causes and consequences of the religious development of mankind from polytheism to monotheism. â€Å"Belief in a god or gods is not natural like belief in an external world, since there are races in which it is not to be found† (Quinton, 52). Contrary to many critiques Hume does believe that there is a God, however he does not believe that God is all greatness like society commonly assumes and accepts. Hume argues that because one sees an effect that doesn’t mean that we can automatically know or assume its cause. This argument can be used to explain the creation of the world. As influential as Hume was, he remains an academic skeptic, making the reasonable judgments of an ordinary life, regardless of lack of academic knowledge. God played an important role in every philosopher’s thinking. They either tried to provide proof that he does or does not exist, or tried to decipher why so many people followed a man whom they have never even met. Nevertheless, God played an important role in Kant’s, Descartes’, and Hume’s philosophical thinking. Works Cited Burnham, Douglas and James Fieser. â€Å"Rene Descartes (1596-1650). † The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2005. < http://www. iep. utm. edu/d/descarte. htm>. Cottingham, John. Descartes. New York, Rutledge: 1999. Quinton, Anthony. Hume. New York, Rutledge: 1999. â€Å"Rene Descartes. † http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Descartes. Walker, Ralph. Kant. New York, Rutledge: 1999.

Water Pollution Essays

Water Pollution Essays Water Pollution Essay Water Pollution Essay Water Pollution Control Ord. (Repealed) 273 The East Pakistan Water Pollution Control Ordinance, 1970 East Pakistan Ord. No. V of 1970 [Published in Dacca Gazette, Extraordinary, dated 23 rd February, 1970] [Repealed by Ord. XIII of 1977] An Ordinance to provide for the control, prevention and abatem ent of pollution of waters of East Pakistan. Whereas it is expedient to provide for the control, prevention and abatement of pollution of waters of East Pakistan; Now, therefore, in pursuance of the Proclamation of the 25th day of March, 1969, read with the Provisional Constitution Order, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the Governor is pleased to make and promulgate the following Ordinance:1. Short title, extent and commencement. (1) This Ordinance may be called the East Pakistan Water Pollution Control Ordinance, 1970. (2) (3) It extends to the whole of East Pakistan. It shall come into force at once. 2. Definitions. In this Ordinance, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject of context,(a) â€Å"Board† means the Water pollution Control Board constituted under section 3 of this Ordinance; (b) â€Å"Chairman† means the Chairman of the Board; (c) â€Å"Chief Engineer† means the Chief Engineer, Public Health Engineering, Government of East Pakistan; (d) â€Å"disposal sys tem† means a system for disposing of wastes, either by surface or underground methods, and includes sewerage systems, treatment works and disposal wells; (e) â€Å"pollution† means such contamination, or other alteration of the physical, chemical or biological properties of any waters, including change in temperature, taste, colour, turbidity, or odour of the waters, or such discharge of any liquid, gaseous, solid, radioactive, or other substance into any waters as will or is likely to create a nuisance or render such waters harmful, detrimental or injurious to public health, safety or welfare, or to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other legitimate beneficial uses, or to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish or other aquatic life ; (f) â€Å"sewerage system† means pipe lines or conduits, pumping stations, and force mains, and all other structures, devices, appurtenances cwi†¡ek AvBb msKjb 274 (g) (h) (i) nd facilities used for collecting or conducting wastes to an ultimate point for treatment or disposal; â€Å"treatment works† means any plant or other works, used for the purpo se or treating, stabilising or holding wastes; â€Å"wastes† means sanitary sewage, industrial discharges and all other liquid, gaseous, solid, radioactive, or other substances which may pollute or tend to pollute any waters; â€Å"Water† means all waters including all streams, coastal waters, tanks, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, marshes, watercourses, waterways, wells, springs, irrigation systems, drainage systems, and all other bodies or accumulation of waters, surface or underground, natural or public or private. 3. Constitution of the Board. (1) For carrying out the purposes of this Ordinance, there shall be a Board to be called the East Pakistan Water Pollution Control Board consisting of the following members, namely :(a) the Additional Chief Secretary (Planning and Development) to the Government of East Pakistan, who shall also be the Chairman of the Board ; (b) the Secretary to the Government of East Pakistan in the Basic Democracies and Local Government Department; (c) the Secretary to the Government of East Pakistan in the Agricultural Department ; (d) the Secretary to the Government of East Pakistan in the Commerce and Industries Department ; (e) the Director of Health Services, Government of East Pakistan; (f) the Chief Engineer, Public Health Engineering, Government of East Pakistan; (g) one person to represent the East Pakistan Water and power Development Authority to be nominated by that Authority; and (h) one person to represent the East Pakistan Inland Water Transport Authority to be nominated by that Authority. (2) The Provincial Government shall appoint an officer of the Directorate of Public Health Engineering, Government of East Pakistan, to be the Secretary of the Board. 4. Meetings of the Board. (1) The meetings of the Board shall be held on such date and at such time and place as the Chairman may direct : Provided that when there is any appeal to the Board under sub-section (2) of section 7, the Board shall meet within fifteen days from the date of such appeal. Water Pollution Control Ord. (Repealed) 275 (2) All meetings of the Board shall be presided over by the Chairman and, in his absence, by a member nominated by him. (3) Three members of the Board shall form a quorum. (4) All matters at a meeting of the Board shall be decided by majority of the votes of the members present. (5) Each member of the Board shall have one vote and in the event of equality of votes the Chairman shall have a casting vote. (6) Proceedings of the meetings of the Board shall be recorded, circulated to its members within a fortnight and submitted for confirmation at next meeting. 5. Functions of the Board. (1) the Board shall (a) formulate policies for the control, prevention and abatement of pollution of waters of East Pakistan; and (b) suggest measures for the implementation of its policies; (2) For the purpose of sub-section (1), the Board may(a) require any person to furnish or cause to be furnished such information as it may specify; (b) call for a report fr om the Chief Engineer on the existing and potential water pollution problems in the whole of East Pakistan or in any part thereof; and (c) appoint such expert committee as it may consider necessary. 6. Implementation of the policies. (1) The Chief Engineer shall be responsible for implementation of the policies formulated by the Board and for adopting or causing to be adopted measures suggested by it. (2) For the purpose of sub-section (1), the Chief Engineer may, by order in writing,(a) require any person or commercial or industrial undertaking to adopt such measures, including construction, modification, extension or alteration of any disposal system, as may be specified therein for the prevention, control nd abatement of existing or potential pollution of any waters; (b) require any person or commercial or industrial undertaking to furnish such information as may be specified therein relating to wastes, sewerage system or treatment works in any land or building owned or occupied by such person or undertaking; and (c) require any person or commercial or industrial undertaking to permit any officer named therein to enter upon, inspect and search any land or building owned or occupied by such person or cwi†¡ek AvBb msKjb 276 undertaking and to inspect and test any wastes, waters, plants, materials or disposal system found therein and to afford all reasonable opportunities to such officer for such inspection, search and test. (3) The Chief Engineer may, by order in writing, delegate all or any of his powers under sub-section (2) to the Project Director, Water Pollution Control Project, who shall exercise the powers so delegated subject to the general control and supervision of the Chief Engineer. 7. Obligation to comply with the order of the Chief Engineer. (1) Where the Chief Engineer makes any order in writing under sub-section (2) of section 6 requiring any person or commercial or industrial undertaking to adopt any measures for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of any waters or to furnish any information or to permit any officer to enter upon, inspect or search any land or building and to inspect and test any wastes, waters, plant materials or disposal system such person or commercial or industrial undertaking shall, subject to the provision of sub-section (2) comply with such order. (2) any person or commercial or industrial undertaking aggrieved by an order in writing made by the Chief Engineer under clause (a) of sub-section (2) of section 6 may, within one month from the date of the order, prefer an appeal against such order to the Board and the decision of the Board shall be final. 8. Penalty and procedure. (1) Whoever fails or neglects to comply with any order of the Chief Engineer or, where an appeal is preferred under sub-section (2) of section 7, with the final decision thereon of the Board shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine which may extend to five thousand rupees or with both, and may, in addition, be punishable with a further fine which may extend to twenty rupees for every day of the period during which the failure or negligence continues. (2) No court shall take cognizance of an offence under this Ordinance except on a report in writing of the facts constituting the offence made by the Chief Engineer or an officer authorised by him in this behalf. 9. Offence by commercial or industrial undertakings. Where the person guilty of an offences under this Ordinance is a commercial or industrial undertaking, every owner, director, manager, secretary or other officer or agent thereof shall, unless he proves that he made all efforts and exercised all diligence to prevent the commission of the offence, be deemed to be guilty of such offence. 10. Indemnity. No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie against the Board, the Chief Engineer or any o ther person for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done under this Ordinance. 11. Power to make rules. The Provincial Government may make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Ordinance.

How To Create A Website Using WordPress - EssaySupply.com

How To Create A Website Using WordPress How to Create a Website Using WordPress Not very long ago, the process of creating a website was quite complex. If you wanted a nice looking website where visitors would actually enjoy spending time, you had to master HTML, JavaScript, or other languages in order to build and launch a decent site. Your other option was to use an online website template. Unfortunately, the web sites generated using those were clunky and hard to navigate. Now, there is another option. WordPress is a utility that allows people to create professional looking blogs and websites without having to master any technical skills. In fact, creating a WordPress website is quite simple. If you are willing to learn a few tips and techniques, you could potentially have your own website up and running in just a few hours. First Things First: Get Signed Up To start, go to the WordPress website and get signed up. You’ll be able to set up a user account and choose password. You’ll also be able to choose the name of your website. WordPress gives you two options. The first is free, and will look like this: www.yourwebsitename.wordpress.com. The other costs a nominal amount of money and looks like this: www.yourwebsitename.com. There are other more costly options if you want to set your website up as an e-commerce store. Now, Take a Look Around WordPress Once your profile has been created and you have selected your website name and title, take a look around your dashboard. This is where you will do all of the work required to keep your website   up to date and running smoothly. If you cannot figure everything out, don’t worry. WordPress has plenty of tutorials.   You can also submit questions to a customer service agent, or use their forums to find answers. Picking Your Theme Your theme is the thing that will give your website personality. If you are launching a personal or business website and you care about branding, it is very important to choose a theme that works for you. Remember though, you can customize themes by adding your own images and making other changes.   These include custom images, fonts, adding your own titles and headers, and colors. Start Writing With WordPress, you either write posts or you write pages. A post is like a blog post. When you publish a new post, that is what your visitors see, and your previous posts are pushed down the page. When you publish a page, that is appears in the same way a new page appears on a website. Remember that your website can have both posts and pages. For example, you may have a contact page, a home page, and a products page, but you may also have a blog page where you publish new posts. You can set up menus and navigation links to help your visitors find their way around your website. Check Out Some PlugIns PlugIns are nifty little utilities that you can use to make your WordPress website even better. PlugIns can be used to make your site load faster for visitors, help you manage user comments, publish your logo onto all of your pages, stream content from news feeds, and a variety of other helpful things. There are even plugins that will verify all of the links on your WordPress site so that you can fix any dead links and make sure the content that you link is still appropriate. If you can set up a WordPress website, you can use it for many things. You could launch that small business, or you could simply set up a website to launch your personal brand or discuss your interests. As always, if you need help with web content (remember you can count on us for more than helping you buy college essays online), our writers will be happy to assist.

HOW IT SECURITY AND ROBUST TECHNOLOGY COMPROMISES PEOPLES FREEDOM AND Literature review

HOW IT SECURITY AND ROBUST TECHNOLOGY COMPROMISES PEOPLES FREEDOM AND HOW CAN PEOPLE, GOVERNMENT AND ORGANISATIONS ADAPT TO THESE CHALLENGES - Literature review Example The surveys were conducted between 1978 and 2004, and Westin used the data to build a privacy concern index. According to the index, there are three classifications; privacy fundamentalists (people generally distrustful of organizations asking for their personal data and use of computerized systems), privacy pragmatists (people with moderate concern on the use of technology for intrusion, 57% of US population), and privacy unconcerned (individuals who are trustful of organizations and are not bothered about privacy constrictions by using information technology) (Clarke, 2008). Bennet, (2005) explored the impacts of technology ion privacy; Clarke, (1988, Lyon, (1994) examined surveillance and privacy while Zureik, (2005) attempted communication interception in the age of technology. The innovation telecommunication sector triggered a number of legislations on surveillance. As indicated by Privacy International (2003) states moved in to update their surveillance laws. For instance, the case law in Strasbourg was used to update British legislation to take note of the technological advances. Though it can be argued that the intentions are good, the governments use old legislative instruments to apply new technologies to address the interception of information and networks without taking into account how the technology has altered the nature and sensitivity of information. The European Union introduced a number of legislations as an immediate response to terrorist threats after 2001 attack on the US. Though the trend was replicated by law enforcement agencies worldwide, in an attempt to adopt a more comprehensive approach to the capture, retention of information and access to information systems, Blakeney, (2007, quoted in Akrivopoulou, 2012) notes that the manner in which this was done this remains questionable. As the author notes, much of

The Impact of Social Networking on Academic Performance Essay

The Impact of Social Networking on Academic Performance - Essay Example Conducting a survey of the various literature indicates that social networking positively impacts on students’ academic performance. In a study to ascertain this postulate, Helou, Abrahim, and Oye (8) observe that students use SNSs to communicate with their faculties and other authorities in the institution so as to get directions on relevant academic issues. The researchers also observed that the students use the same platform to communicate to their lecturers and supervisors who guide them on various academic issues. In fact, this improves on their relationship which fosters academic achievement. Furthermore, chatting with fellow students on topics of educational interest positively impacts on their academic performance. Taking a view from students but considering the impact on students, Jabr (94) observes that a majority of institutions have adopted collaborative teams together with scientific structures so as to offer courses through SNSs. Indeed, it has been observed that such web-based learning provides more personal and autonomous learning which are key components for successful learning. Therefore, SNSs present an effective platform for e-learning which promotes learners’ autonomy. Additional benefits that students stand to acquire for active engagement in social networking as noted by Mehmood and Taswir (113) includes improved reading skills due to constant reading associated with SNSs. The third way in which social networking positively impacts on academic performance.... These age brackets indicate students as majority SNSs’ users. Arguments Against Conducting a survey on various literatures indicates that social networking positively impacts on students’ academic performance. In a study to ascertain this postulate, Helou, Abrahim and Oye (8) observe that students use SNSs to communicate with their faculties and other authorities in the institution so as to get directions on relevant academic issues. The researchers also observed that the students use the same platform to communicate to their lecturers and supervisors who guide them on various academic issues. In fact, this improves on their relationship which fosters academic achievement. Furthermore, chatting with fellow students on topics of educational interest positively impacts on their academic performance. Taking a view from students but considering the impact on students, Jabr (94) observes that a majority of institutions have adopted collaborative teams together with scientifi c structures so as to offer courses through SNSs. Indeed, it has been observed that such web-based learning provides more personal and autonomous learning which are key components for successful learning. Therefore, SNSs present an effective platform for e-learning which promotes learners’ autonomy. Additional benefits that students stand to acquire for active engagement in social networking as noted by Mehmood and Taswir (113) includes improved reading skills due to constant reading associated with SNSs. The third way in which social networking positively impacts on academic performance as cited by Mehmood and Taswir (113) is in providing teachers and lecturers with a platform to acquire teaching material and additionally

Article Critique - about a Private School Issue

Critique - about a Private School Issue - Article Example Through review and analysis of available literature concerning education, Shaw (2010) shows that education is a bad public good whose inefficiency as well as infectiveness can only be solved by competition from the private sector (education is also a private good). The article began by highlighting an economist’s assumption that at least education is in portion a public good. Since it has spillover benefits enjoyed by people although they do not pay for; and as result they are probable to be ‘free riders’ on the offered education. Under the present (or at least latest) economic theory, there is an assumption that education will be provided sub-optimally. As a result, the likely under-provision has resulted to the support of the concept that government should intervene to offer education. Today, education at all levels (apart from the initial few years after birth); the government substantially provides education almost everywhere in the world beginning with the Un ited States (Shaw, 2010). The design of the study bring into perspective studies that have discovered that the problem inherent in this development is quality of services provided by the government, education inclusive, is always poor. Provision of services by government is categorized as a public good. The government offers many services whose beneficiaries do not pay for. Those beneficiaries have a tendency of becoming free riders. They therefore do not offer the monitoring quality they would offer if they paid directly for the service. Roberts and Simpson (2011) have shown that the professional standing of education board members reflect on the overall state education ranking. This illustrates where the poor quality of the public good partly emanates from in support of this the argument that a public good is a bad public good. Referring to the impact of higher education, the author says that â€Å"contemporary education has stunted a whole person’s

Appropriate Future Strategy For A Given Organization Commerce Essay

Appropriate Future Strategy For A Given Organization Commerce Essay One of the first things that you will need to do when you start up a new business is to create your business strategy. The strategy that you decide up will be incredibly important for the future of your business since it will influence many of your future decisions and shape the nature of your university business. It is, therefore, its essential to take the time to make sure that you choose the right strategy for you and your new business. Making the right choice now will affect the chances of your university business becoming a success. When you choose your business strategy, you will need to make sure that it is one with which you will feel comfortable, but you will also need to ensure that your strategy is compatible with the type of business you want to run and the industry in which you will be working. You need to choose the strategy that will be right for your particular business. Your business strategy will be the overall strategy that you use to shape and run your business. It may incorporate a number of smaller missions, plans or goals that set out what you want to achieve with your business. These may relate to your business focus, the differentiation of your business from its competitors, or the other factors that will determine what makes your business a success. A pioneer business is one that is creating a new product, or developing something new, and, which is therefore based upon innovation. If you want to follow this type of strategy, then you will need to continue creating new products and offering new services in Leeds University, so you will need to make sure that you have the necessary resources for this kind of innovation. If your business strategy will be to set up a business as a follower rather than a pioneer, you will be entering into a field that has already been established by other businesses. This will offer certain advantages since you will be able to exploit services which have already been created and proven successful. However, it will mean that you will need to be ready to take on the competition. In order to increase your chances of success as you enter an established market as a follower, you may want to focus your business strategy on a particular niche. You can choose to offer a broad range of products or services, although this will open you up to a large number of different competitors and it is likely to require more resources. Alternatively, you can focus on a particular, specialized niche or area of business, such as the sale of a particular service. Another important consideration when you are choosing your business strategy is the type of market which you would like to target. The types of products and services that you want to offer and the customers you will need to appeal to may vary a great deal in value, from high end to low end products. You should decide which end of the market you want to target, taking into consideration your skills, experience and resources as well as the characteristics of each type of market. In order to make the right choice of business strategy, you will need to consider a number of different factors, such as the resources that you have available, the opportunities that are available in the market and the types of skills and experience that you are able to take advantage of, both in yourself and in your employees. When you are choosing your business strategy, you should consider the future of your business as well as your current resources and situation. You may want to think about the long-term potential of your business strategy and how it may develop and change as your business grows. Your business strategy can change over time, but it is still important to ensure that you choose the right strategy for the present, in order to ensure that you achieve the success you need now before you can think about growth and expansion into new areas of the market. 4.1 Compare the Roles and responsibilities for strategy implementation? Task: Evaluate the function and the day-to-day job for plan execution of Leeds University. The key to a successful execution is alignment. Strategy, people, and day to day work processes need to be effectively linked. The strategic plan must be understood by the entire organization, the right people need to be in the right jobs to allow for maximum work performance, and action plans must be developed, implemented, and reviewed. A common issue is that individuals within the various departments in an organization may view the goals and objectives of the company very differently. Where a communication vacuum exists, Sales, Manufacturing and Finance may view a singular priority very differently. This miscommunication between functional silos can be very counterproductive. To effectively align strategy, people, and the tactical action plans that lead to a successful execution, a lot of hard work and diligent communication must happen. We cannot communicate too much guiding an entire organization to the same place takes consistent repetition for the message to stick permanently in the minds and hearts of employees. Another critical point is that plan execution is a process, not a specific step. There is no discrete beginning or end. Markets and competitors are ever-changing. Although the broad strategy and direction should not waver, what things get done, and in what order, will evolve due to changing conditions in the world around us. Then we evaluate and adapt and to gain traction and ground on the competition. As the world changes, communication, once again, is very important to minimize any confusion within the ranks. The bottom line is that effective execution is difficult. There are formidable roadblocks, hurtles, and changing dynamics that get in the way and can injure the implementation of a good strategy. But well run businesses do this all the time, although there is no singular process to manage the execution of a business plan, there are basic processes and fundamentals to be followed. 1) Once the broad Mission, Vision and strategy for the organization has been established, focusing on its core competencies, specific quantifiable goals to support the strategy must be formulated. 2) The organization must be evaluated. Do you have the right people with the right skills in the right jobs? Should human resources be reallocated? Do you have the right number of employees in the appropriate departments? 3) Identify the key initiatives and broad actions that must be accomplished to achieve this strategy. Identify the transitional issues, or the gaps, between where you are today and where you plan to be. Push the initiatives throughout the organization. They must be consistently understood in all functional departments. Every employee needs to understand their individual role in accomplishing some aspect of the plan. 4) Develop a budget to support the plan. This may be an iterative process until the right combination of strategy, tactics, and financial prudence is achieved. 5) Communicate! Get the message out to the entire organization. Develop compensation and reward systems to support the future Vision of the organization. Create decision filters that help guide the organization through a thought process for those times when the organization wrestles with a concept that may stray from its strategy. 6) Establish a review process. As the markets, customers, competitors, government regulations, economy, etc. evolve, some priorities, and possibly some goals, may change. Go back to the beginning, review each step, and determine if further changes are necessary. 4.2 Evaluate resource requirements to implement a new strategy for a given organization? Task: Assess what type of resource requirements are needed to implement a new strategy for the Leeds For Leeds University which have a plan in place, wasting time and energy on the planning process and then not implementing the plan is very discouraging.   Although the topic of implementation may not be the most exciting thing to talk about, its a fundamental business practice thats critical for any strategy to take hold. The strategic plan addresses the what and why of activities, but implementation addresses the who, where, when, and how. The fact is that both are critical to success. In fact, companies can gain competitive advantage through implementation if done effectively.   In the following sections, you discover how to get support for your complete implementation plan. All components must be in place in order to move from creating the plan to activating the plan. People The first stage of implementing your plan is to make sure to have the right people on board. The right people include those folks with required competencies and skills that are needed to support the plan. In the months following the planning process, expand employee skills through training, recruitment, or new hires to include new competencies required by the strategic plan. Resources You need to have sufficient funds and enough time to support implementation.   Often, true costs are underestimated or not identified. True costs can include a realistic time commitment from staff to achieve a goal, a clear identification of expenses associated with a tactic, or unexpected cost overruns by a vendor. Additionally, employees must have enough time to implement what may be additional activities that they arent currently performing. Structure Set your structure of management and appropriate lines of authority, and have clear, open lines of communication with your employees. A plan owner and regular strategy meetings are the two easiest ways to put a structure in place. Meetings to review the progress should be scheduled monthly or quarterly, depending on the level of activity and time frame of the plan. Systems Both management and technology systems help track the progress of the plan and make it faster to adapt to changes. As part of the system, build milestones into the plan that must be achieved within a specific time frame. A scorecard is one tool used by many organizations that incorporates progress tracking and milestones. Culture Create an environment that connects employees to the organizations mission and that makes them feel comfortable. To reinforce the importance of focusing on strategy and vision, reward success. Develop some creative positive and negative consequences for achieving or not achieving the strategy.   The rewards may be big or small, as long as they lift the strategy above the day-to-day so people make it a priority. 4.3 Discuss targets and timescales for achievement in a given organization to monitor a given strategy? Task: Discuss the targets and timescale needed for the University of Leeds to achieve its vision of securing a place in the top 50 universities of the World by implementing the above strategy. A key strategic objective for the University of Leeds is to secure a place among the top 50 universities in the world by 2015. To achieve this, the University will have to develope a number of initiatives to support the further development of core activities such as research, learning, teaching and knowledge transfer. Supporting each of these core activities are university staff and resource, whose further development is critical to enabling the Universitys primary objective can be achieved effectively. According to Leeds university official website, The University has engaged in a wave of modern expansion since 2008, and has invested more than  £300  million in transforming its campus over the coming years, resulting in new state-of-the-art educational, research, residential and leisure facilities with a further  £80  million being spent to improve current assets. The programme of this expansion being one of the biggest capital investment projects in British higher education. Its overarching vision is to provide staff and students with a world-class campus which is integral to the universitys ambition and vision of securing a place among the worlds top 50 universities The University of Leeds, having selected Jadu Content Management following an extensive formal tendering process, are currently implementing enterprise web content management across the Universitys faculties. The Jadu CMS system, which has been integrated with the Universitys LUMINIS student portal system and Google Search Appliance (GSA), will form the basis of all online publishing at the University over the next 10 years. Scenario: A manager might want to speed up the process of team development to the performing stage. Given the uncertainties and conflict of the storming stage, it might also seem apparent that team spirit and solidarity should be developed as soon as possible. So how do you build a team? Question 5: (Covers some elements of assessment criteria 4.1 and getting merit M2)) Read the following statements and decide to which category they belong (forming, storming, norming, performing, doming and justify your answer with reasons. -Two of the group arguing as to whose idea is best. Storming Storming is characterized by competition and conflict within the team as members learn to bend and mold their feelings, ideas, attitudes, and beliefs to suit the team organization. Although conflicts may or may not surface as group issues, they do exist. Questions about who is responsible for what, what the rules are, what the reward system is, and what the evaluation criteria are arising. These questions reflect conflicts over leadership, structure, power, and authority. Because of the discomfort generated during this stage, some members may remain completely silent, while others attempt to dominate. Members have an increased desire for structural clarification and commitment. In order to progress to the next stage, team members must move from a testing-and-proving mentality to a problem-solving mentality. Listening is the most helpful action team members and the team leader can take to resolve these issues. -Progress becomes static performing The performing stage is not reached by all teams. Those teams that do reach this stage not only enjoy team members who work independently but also support those who can come back together and work interdependently to solve problems. A team is at its most productive during this stage. Team members are both highly task-oriented and highly people-oriented during this stage. The team is unified: Team identity is complete, team morale is high, and team loyalty is intense. The task function becomes genuine problem solving, leading to optimal solutions and optimum team development. There is support for experimentation in solving problems, and an emphasis on achievement. The overall goal is productivity through problem solving and work -Desired outputs being achieved. Norming When the team moves into the norming stage, they are beginning to work more effectively as a team. They are no longer focused on their individual goals, but rather are focused on developing a way of working together (processes and procedures). They respect each others opinions and value their differences. They begin to see the value in those differences on the team. Working together as a team seems more natural. In this stage, the team has agreed on their team rules for working together, how they will share information and resolve team conflict, and what tools and processes they will use to get the job done. The team members begin to trust each other and actively seek each other out for assistance and input. Rather than compete against each other, they are now helping each other to work toward a common goal. The team members also start to make significant progress on the project as they begin working together more effectively. -Shy member of group not participating. Forming The forming stage takes place when the team first meets each other. In this first meeting, team members are introduced to each. They share information about their backgrounds, interests and experience and form first impressions of each other. They learn about the project they will be working on, discuss the projects objectives/goals and start to think about what role they will play on the project team. They are not yet working on the project. They are, effectively, feeling each other out and finding their way around how they might work together. During this initial stage of team growth, it is important for the team leader to be very clear about team goals and provide clear direction regarding the project. The team leader should ensure that all of the members are involved in determining team roles and responsibilities and should work with the team to help them establish how they will work together (team norms.) The team is dependent on the team leader to guide them. -Activities being allocated. Forming During the forming stage, team members not only get to know each other but also familiarize themselves with their task and with other individuals interested in the project, such as supervisors. At the end of the forming stage, team members should know the following: The projects overall mission The main phases of the mission The resources at their disposal A rough project schedule Each members project responsibilities A basic set of team rules Scenario: The Griswold cutlery Company is an old established firm, selling high quality stainless steel cutlery to markets in the UK, France and Germany. It is based in Sheffield. The managing director, Mr. Paul Griswold, great grandson of the firms founder, has just taken over from his father, Matthew Griswold. Matthew Griswold was a manager of the old school. As the boss, he liked to exert power and employees were afraid to disagree with him. He encouraged strict conformance to company procedures: rules are rules, they are there to be followed, and I dont like changing them. Question: 6 (Covers some elements of assessment criteria 4.2 and getting merit D1)) Paul Griswold wants to introduce MBO. Do you think this will be an easy task? Justify your answer with reasons. I will give my opinion at the end of the answers but first the Definition of MBO: MBO is one of the rational school of managements successful products.                                                                                                       The Economist Management by objectives (MBO) is a systematic and organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources. It aims to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and subordinate objectives throughout the organization. Ideally, employees get strong input to identify their objectives, time lines for completion, etc. MBO includes ongoing tracking and feedback in the process to reach objectives. Management by Objectives (MBO) was first outlined by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book The Practice of Management. In the 90s, Peter Drucker himself decreased the significance of this organization management method, when he said: Its just another tool. It is not the great cure for management inefficiency. Features of MBO: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Management by Objectives is a philosophy or a system, and not merely technique. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  It emphasizes participative goal setting. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  It clearly defines each individual responsibility in terms of results. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  If focuses attention on what must be accomplished (goals0 rather than on how it is to be accomplished. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  It converts objective needs into personal goals at every level in the organization. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  It establishes standards or yardsticks (goals) as operation guides and also as basis of performance evaluation. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a system intentionally directed toward effective and efficient attainment of organizational and personal goals. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  MBO process (or management by Objective cycle or key elements of management by Objectives or minimum requirements     of        management by objectives. Steps in MBO: What are the steps involved in the process of MBO? The basic steps that are common in all the processes of management by objective (MBO) are:- 1. Central goal setting: defining and verifying organizational objectives is the first step in MBO process. Generally these objectives are set by central management of the organization but it does so after consulting other managers. Before setting of these objectives, an extensive assessment of the available resources is made by the central management. It also conducts market service and research along with making a forecast. Through this elaborate analysis, the desired long run and short run objectives of the organization are highlighted. The central management tries to make these objectives realistic and specific. After setting these goals it is the responsibility of the management that these are known to all members and are also under stood by them. 2. Development and individual goal setting: After organization objectives are established by the central management, the next step is to establish the department goals. The top management needs to discuss these objectives with the heads of the departments so that mutually agreed upon objectives are established. Long range and short range goals are set by each department in consultation with the top management. After the department goals are established, the employees work with their managers to establish their own individual goals which relate with the organization goals. These participative goals are very important because it has been seen that employees become highly motivated to achieve the objectives established by them. These objectives for individuals should be specific and short range. These should indicate the capability of the unit of the individual. Through this process all the members of the organization become involved in the process of goal setting. 3. Revision of job description: In the process of MBO resetting individual goals involves a revision of job description of different positions in the organization which in turn requires the revision of the entire structure of the organization. The organization manuals and charts may also have to be modified to portray the changes that have been introduced by the process of MBO. The job description has to define the objectives, authority and responsibility of different jobs. The connection of one job with all other jobs of the organization also needs to be established clearly. 4. Matching goals: The establishment of objectives cannot be fruitful unless the resources and means required to achieve these objectives are provided. Therefore the subordinates should be provided required tools and materials which enable them to achieve the objectives efficiently and effectively. Resource requirements can be measured precisely if the goals are set precisely. This makes the process of resource allocation relatively easy. Resource allocation should be made after consulting the subordinates. 5. Freedom implementation: The task team of manager and his subordinates should be given freedom in deciding the way to utilize their resources and the way to achieve their objectives. There should be very little or no interference by the seniors as long as the team is working within the framework of organization policies. 6. Establishing check points: The process of MBO requires regularly meetings between the managers and their subordinates to discuss the progress achieve in the accomplishment of the objective established for the subordinates. For this purpose the mangers need to establish the standards of performance or check points to evaluate the progress of their subordinates. These standards need to be specified as for as possible quantitatively and it should also be ensured that these are completely understood by the subordinates. This practices needs to be followed by all managers and these should lead to an analysis of key results has the targets are represented in terms of the results. The analysis of key results should be recorded in writing and it generally contains information regarding : (I) the overall objectives related with the job of subordinates. (ii) The key results which must be achieved by the subordinate to fulfil his objectives. (iii) The long term and short term priorities, a subordinate needs to adhere to. (iv.) The extent and scope of assistance expected by a subordinate from his superior and other departmental managers and also the assistance, the subordinates is required to extend to other departments of his organizations. (v.) Nature of information and the reports receive by the subordinate to carry out self evaluation. (vi.) The standards use to evaluate the performance of the subordinate. 7. Performance appraisal: An informal performance appraisal is generally conducted in routine by the manager; a periodic review of performance of the subordinates should also be conducted. Periodic reviews are required as the priorities and conditions change constantly and need to be monitored constantly. These reviews help the mangers as well as the subordinates to modify the objectives or the methods whenever require. This significantly increases the chances of achieving the goals and also ensures that no surprises are found at the time of final appraisal. Periodic performance appraisal needs to be based on measurable and fair standards so that these are completely understood by the subordinates and there are also aware of the degree of performance required at each step. 8. Counselling: Periodic performance review helps the subordinates in improving his future performance. Advantages of MBO: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MBO programs continually emphasize what should be done in an organization to achieve organizational goals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MBO process secures employee commitment to attaining organizational goals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Motivation Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment increases employee job satisfaction and commitment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Better communication and Coordination Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates helps to maintain harmonious relationships within the enterprise and also solve many problems faced during the period. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clarity of goals With MBO, came the concept of SMART goals i.e. goals that are: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Specific 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Measurable 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Achievable 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relevant, and 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time bound. The goals thus set are clear, motivating and there is a linkage between organizational goals and performance targets of the employees. Disadvantages of MBO: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It over-emphasizes the setting of goals over the working of a plan as a driver of outcomes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It underemphasizes the importance of the environment or context in which the goals are set. That context includes everything from the availability and quality of resources, to relative buy-in by leadership and stake-holders à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Companies evaluated their employees by comparing them with the ideal employee. Trait appraisal only looks at what employees should be, not at what they should do. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It did not address the importance of successfully responding to obstacles and constraints as essential to reaching a goal. Conclusion: The use of MBO needs to be carefully aligned with the culture of the organization. While MBO is not as fashionable as it was before the empowerment fad, it still has its place in management today. Because in mbo the objectives are discussed and agreed, based upon a more strategic picture being available to employees. Engagement of employees in the objective setting process is seen as a strategic advantage by many. So in my opinion its very different process from how The Griswold cutlery Company used to be managed and I dont think I will be an easy task, but if achieved it will be very rewarding Scenario: Hall Faull Downes Ltd has been in business for 25 years, during which time profits have risen by an average of 3% per annum, although there have been peaks and troughs in profitability due to the ups and downs of trade in the customers industry. The increase in profits until five years ago was the result of increasing sales in a buoyant market, but more recently, the total market has become somewhat smaller and Hall Faull Downes has only increased sales and profits as a result of improving its market share. The company produces components for manufacturers in the engineering industry. In recent years, the company has developed many new products and currently has 40 items in its range compared to 24 only five years ago. Over the same five year period, the number of customers has fallen from twenty to nine, two of whom together account for 60% of the companys sales. Question: 7 A. (Covers some elements of assessment criteria 2.1 and getting merit D2)) Give your appraisal of the companys future, My personal opinion of Hall Faull Downes future is the we will see: #1 a decrease in profit over the next few years which will lead to the lowering the average of 3% growth per annum #2 the company will lose of its customer base over time therefore It will lose even more substantial market share #3 the company is in risk if both or one of the two customers that account for 60% of their business sales decided to pull out from trading with hall Faull Downes #4 the number of clients may continue to drop and we might see the business offer even more products in its range which could mean that the business may become non-specialized, finally the company could branch out from producing just components in the engineering industry. And if the business doesnt make some changes, it might run into major financial problems, which in this economy state could mean bankruptcy for Hall Faull Downed And suggest what it is probably doing wrong #1 the decreasing market share, Market share is the number one health indicator for your company. If it is flat or worse yet falling, you have a serious problem on your hands. So you need to develop techniques that can help you reverse this problem and ensure that this trend does not surprise your company again. #2 the increase in the range of products the company produce, While carrying a wide range of products may at first sound like a great idea because your business may appeal to a variety of customers, chances are this will backfire unless you have a business model that is designed to carry lots of products (think variety stores or stores such as Wal-Mart or Target). Most companies have specific business models when they are launched and if your business isnt designed or marketed to be non-specialized, carrying a wide range of products is likely going to have the opposite desired effect and put your business at a huge disadvantage. A business that attempts to sell a plethora of products is going to need a strategic plan to support the rationale for carrying a wide range of products. Most of the time, this reason doesnt exist. The reason for this is because by offering too large a variety of products, you eliminate the specialization factor and this is usually one of the best strategies to increase business and grow your customer base. A business that tries to gra